Vienna

Total and segmental fat mass as a percentage of body weight

Total and segmental muscle mass — arms, legs, trunk

Intra- and extracellular fluid distribution

Metabolically active fat surrounding internal organs

Cell membrane integrity marker — indicator of cellular health and training status

Estimated daily caloric requirement at rest

Maximum isometric grip strength of the non-dominant hand

Maximum isometric grip strength of the dominant hand

Left-right difference — asymmetries above 10% may indicate imbalance or injury risk

Grip force normalised to body weight — enables comparison across populations and over time

Vertical jump height from a standing start — a gold-standard measure of lower-body power

Maximum ground reaction force during the concentric phase — raw force production capacity

How quickly you generate force — critical for explosive movements and sprint performance

Left-right difference in landing impact — asymmetries above 10–15% flag injury risk

Deceleration capacity during the dip phase — indicates neuromuscular control and readiness

Power output normalised to body weight — the most transferable performance metric across sports

Iron storage marker — low ferritin impairs oxygen transport and endurance performance

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein — systemic inflammation marker linked to overtraining and cardiovascular risk

Thyroid panel — regulates metabolism, energy availability and recovery capacity

3-month average blood glucose — gold standard for metabolic health and insulin sensitivity

Critical for bone health, immune function and muscle performance — chronically low in Northern Europe

Lipid panel — cardiovascular risk stratification and metabolic health assessment

Red and white blood cell profile — screens for anemia, infection and general health status

Essential for muscle contraction, nerve function and energy metabolism — depleted by intense training

Pressure during heart contraction — optimal <120, elevated 120–129, hypertensive ≥130

Pressure between heartbeats — optimal <80, elevated 80–89, hypertensive ≥90

Difference between systolic and diastolic — reflects arterial stiffness and stroke volume

Heart rate at rest — lower values typically indicate better cardiovascular fitness

Blood sugar after fasting — optimal 70–99, pre-diabetic 100–125, diabetic ≥126

Blood sugar behaviour after meals — spikes above 140 mg/dL indicate impaired glucose tolerance

CGM metric: percentage of time glucose stays in optimal 70–140 mg/dL range over 14 days

Coefficient of variation — lower variability indicates better metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity

Primary stress hormone — reflects HPA axis activation, circadian rhythm and recovery capacity

Key anabolic hormone — bioavailable fraction indicating muscle-building and recovery potential

Adrenal precursor hormone — counterbalances cortisol and supports immune function

Catabolic-to-anabolic ratio — a validated proxy for overtraining risk and recovery status

Mucosal immune marker — drops with chronic stress and overtraining, indicating immune suppression

Maximum oxygen uptake — the definitive measure of aerobic capacity

First ventilatory threshold, upper boundary of fat-burning zone

Second ventilatory threshold, onset of anaerobic metabolism

Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed — indicates substrate utilisation

Precise HR zones derived from ventilatory data, not estimations

Threshold intensity in sport-specific units for direct training application

Duration each foot spends on the ground per stride — shorter is generally more efficient

Left-right balance — asymmetries above 3% may indicate compensatory patterns or injury risk

Step frequency — a key efficiency variable tied to running economy and impact loading

Airborne phase duration — relates to vertical oscillation and running power

Heel-midfoot-forefoot pressure mapping — identifies strike pattern and loading characteristics

Total fluid loss per hour — the foundation for calculating personal hydration needs during exercise

Sodium concentration in sweat — determines electrolyte replacement strategy and cramping risk

Absolute sodium loss combining sweat rate and concentration — drives race-day supplementation planning

Personalised drinking strategy in ml per 15-minute intervals based on measured losses